Apple Inc. will likely seek to invoke the United States’ protections of free speech as one of its key legal arguments in trying to block an order to help unlock the encrypted iPhone of one of the San Bernardino shooters, lawyers with expertise in the subject said this week.
The company on Thursday was granted three additional days by the court to file a response to the order. Apple will now have until February 26 to send a reply, a person familiar with matter told Reuters.
The tech giant and the Obama administration are on track for a major collision over computer security and encryption after a federal magistrate judge in Los Angeles handed down an order on Tuesday requiring Apple to provide specific software and technical assistance to investigators.
Apple chief executive Tim Cook called the request from the Federal Bureau of Investigation unprecedented. Other tech giants such as Facebook Inc, Twitter Inc and Alphabet Inc’s Google have rallied to support Apple.
Apple has retained two prominent, free-speech lawyers to do battle with the government, according to court papers: Theodore Olson, who won the political-speech case Citizens United versus Federal Election Commission in 2010, and Theodore Boutrous, who frequently represents media organisations.
The government lawyers from the US Justice Department have defended their request in court papers by citing various authorities, such as a 1977 US Supreme Court ruling that upheld an order compelling a telephone company to provide assistance with setting up a device to record telephone numbers.
The high court said then that the All Writs Act, a law from1789, authorised the order, and the scope of that ruling is expected to be a main target of Apple when it files a response in court by early next week.
But Apple will likely also broaden its challenge to include the First Amendment’s guarantee of speech rights, according to lawyers who are not involved in the dispute but who are following it.
Compared with other countries, the United States has a strong guarantee of speech rights even for corporations, and atleast one court has ruled that computer code is a form of speech, although that ruling was later voided.
Apple could argue that being required to create and provide specific computer code amounts to unlawful compelled speech, said Riana Pfefferkorn, a cryptography fellow at Stanford University’s Center for Internet and Society.
The order against Apple is novel because it compels the company to create a new forensic tool to use, not just turn over information in Apple’s possession, Pfefferkorn said. “I think there is a significant First Amendment concern,” she said.
A spokesman for the US Attorney’s Office in Los Angeles declined to comment on the possible free-speech questions on Thursday.
A speech-rights argument from Apple, though, could be met with skepticism by the courts because computer code has become ubiquitous and underpins much of the US economy.
“That is an argument of enormous breadth,” said Stuart Benjamin, a Duke University law professor who writes about the First Amendment. He said Apple would need to show that the computer code conveyed a “substantive message.”
In a case brought by a mathematician against U.S. Exportcontrols, a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court ofAppeals, which covers California, found in 1999 that the sourcecode behind encryption software is protected speech. The opinionwas later withdrawn so the full court could rehear the case, butthat rehearing was canceled and the appeal declared moot afterthe government revised its export controls.
The FBI and prosecutors are seeking Apple’s assistance toread the data on an iPhone 5C that had been used by RizwanFarook, who along with his wife, Tashfeen Malik, carried out theSan Bernardino shootings that killed 14 people and wounded 22others at a holiday party.
U.S. Prosecutors were smart to pick the mass shooting as atest case for an encryption fight with tech companies, saidMichael Froomkin, a University of Miami law professor. That isbecause the shooting had a large emotional impact while alsodemonstrating the danger posed by armed militants, he said.
In addition, the iPhone in dispute was owned not by Farookbut by his employer, a local government, which has consented tothe search of the iPhone. The federal magistrate who issued theorder, Sheri Pym, is also a former federal prosecutor.
“This is one of the worst set of facts possible for Apple.That’s why the government picked this case,” Froomkin said.
Froomkin added, though, that the fight was enormouslyimportant for the company because of the possibility that a newforensic tool could be easily used on other phones and thedamage that could be done to Apple’s global brand if it cannotwithstand government demands on privacy. “All these demands maketheir phones less attractive to users,” he said.
